在过去的几年时间里,研究者们利用多种神经影像技术已经深入探索了典型发育双语者执行功能相关的神经机制(
Abutalebi et al., 2012
;
Anderson et al., 2021
;
Barac et al., 2017
;
Bialystok, 2017
;
Jia, 2022
;
Kwon et al., 2021
;
Li et al., 2023
;
Luo et al., 2019
;
Sun et al., 2019
;
Tao et al., 2023
;
Xie et al., 2021
)。
Barac等人(2017)
采用事件相关单位(Event-related potentials, ERPs)技术探讨了单语和双语儿童在不同难度的执行功能任务中的神经机制。研究结果发现,双语儿童在高难度的Go/No-Go任务中表现出更大的P3波幅,以及更短的N2和P3潜伏期,且这些神经指标与双语儿童更优的行为表现相关,表明双语有助于提升执行功能的发展。类似地,
Tao等人(2023)
通过ERPs技术研究了情绪干扰条件下双语经验对执行功能的影响。研究发现,熟练双语者在执行功能任务中N1波幅显著小于非熟练双语者,这表明双语经验在有情绪干扰的情况下依然能够加速对刺激的选择与加工处理,进一步支持了双语优势的存在。
在利用MRI开展的研究中,
Luo等人(2019)
通过定量磁共振成像(quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, qMRI)技术探讨了双语学习对人脑微观髓鞘水平结构的影响,发现双语学习会引起个体左侧额下回的显著性微观结构变化,该区域在语言处理和执行功能中都发挥着重要作用。
Abutalebi等人(2012)
结合功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)技术和结构性磁共振成像(structural magnetic resonance imaging, sMRI)技术,发现双语成年人在Flanker任务中背侧前扣带回皮层的激活比单语成年人少,且这种激活与局部灰质体积呈正相关。
Bialystok (2017)
的fMRI研究进一步指出,双语者相比单语者在前扣带回这一负责冲突检测和解决的核心区域激活较少,但前额叶区域的激活程度更大,反映了双语者在语言任务和任务转换过程中神经资源的重新分配。
Jia (2022)
的fMRI研究则表明,双语熟练程度越高,双语者在与执行功能相关的右前扣带回皮层、左岛叶和左侧颞上回的激活更弱,显示出双语者在执行任务时更加高效的神经表征。
Comishen和Bialystok (2021)
结合fMRI技术,使用四种不同难度的n-back任务对成年单语者和双语者的工作记忆进行研究,发现双语者在完成任务时领域一般性多需求网络(The domain-general multiple demand network)的BOLD信号比单语者更强,这种神经反应与更好的行为表现相关。同样地,
Anderson等人(2021)
在65~80岁老年人中进行了n-back任务和fMRI的结合研究,结果表明双语者在认知要求更高的2-back任务中表现优于单语者,且前额叶区域的激活更少。该研究还发现,双语者的左颞上回和左额下回的灰质体积较大,双侧放射冠的白质完整性更高,左侧颞下回的白质密度也更大,这些大脑结构特征可能是双语者保留执行功能完整性和实现脑区间有效交流的优势所在。此外,有研究者通过原理相似的功能性近红外光谱技术(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)对比了双语儿童和单语儿童在完成DCCS任务中的大脑反应,发现双语儿童在前额叶区域的激活明显更大,且这种激活与双语能力显著相关,进一步支持了执行功能中存在双语优势(
Xie et al. 2021
;
Li et al. 2023
)。
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