3. 用于析氢反应(HER)的MOFs基电催化剂3.1. 用于HER的独立式MOFs衍生电极Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of self-supporting MOF-derived electrodes for HER; (b) TEM images of CS@CNC NAs; (c) Polarization curves of CC, CNC NAs/CC, CS NAs/CC, CS@CNC NAs/CC and Pt/C/CC; (d) Stability test of CS@CNC NAs/CC by the i-t curve, the inset is stability test of CS@CNC NAs/CC after 2000 CV cycles [14]--图1. (a) 用于HER的自支撑MOF衍生电极的制备示意图;(b) CS@CNC NAs的TEM图;(c) CC,CNC NAs/CC,CS NAs/CC,CS@CNC NAs/CC和Pt/C/CC的极化曲线;(d) CS@CNC NAs/CC的稳定性测试i-t曲线,插图是2000圈CV循环后CS@CNC NAs/CC的稳定性测试[14]--
Figure 2. (a) Schematic illustration of W-CoP NAs/CC synthesis procedure; (b) Polarization curves of CoP NAs/CC, W-CoP NAs/CC, and Pt/C/CC electrodes in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte; (c) Polarization curves in 1 M KOH electrolyte; (d) Polarization curves in 1 M PBS electrolyte [15]--图2. (a) W-CoP NAs/CC的合成步骤的示意图; (b) 在0.5 M H2SO4电解液中CoP NAs/CC,W-CoP NAs/CC和Pt/C/CC电极的极化曲线;(c) 在1 M KOH电解液中的极化曲线;(d) 在1 M PBS电解液中的极化曲线[15]--3.2. 单、双金属MOFs
Figure 3. (a) Crystal structure diagrams of two isomeric Co MOFs (CTGU-5 and CTGU-6); (b) LSV curves of CTGU-5, CTGU-6 and other comparison samples for HER tests in 0.5 M H2SO4; (c) Tafel plots [17]. Constructed MOFs models for the evaluation of (d) Fe-MOF, (e) ZnFe-MOF; (f) MgFe-MOF; and (g)CdFe-MOF; (h) LSV curves in 1 M KOH; and (i) stability test of CdFe-BDC by the i-t curve [18]--图3. (a) 两种异构Co MOFs (CTGU-5和CTGU-6)的晶体结构图;(b) CTGU-5,CTGU-6和其它比较样品在0.5 M H2SO4中用于HER测试的LSV曲线;(c) Tafel 曲线[17]。构建的MOFs模型:(d) Fe-MOF;(e) ZnFe-MOF;(f) MgFe-MOF;(g) CdFe-MOF;(h) 在1 M KOH中的LSV曲线;(i) CdFe-BDC的稳定性测试i-t曲线[18]--
Figure 4. (a) Schematic illustration for the preparation of the 2D MOFs@Pt heterostructure; (b) TEM images of Ni-MOFs@Pt; (c) Polarization curves of Ni-MOFs@Pt (20 wt% Pt), Ni-MOFs-Pt, Ni-MOFs nanosheets, Pt NPs, and commercial 10% Pt/C in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte; (d) Polarization curves in 1 M KOH [22]; (e) Schematic illustration of the formation of Ru@Ni-MOFs nanosheets supported on Ni foam for HER; (f) SEM images of Ru@Ni-MOFs; (g) Polarization curves in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte for Ru@Ni-MOFs, Ru/Ni-MOFs, Ni-MOFs, and commercial Pt/C (20% Pt); (h) Polarization curves in 1 M KOH [23]--图4. (a) 2D MOFs@Pt异质结构的制备示意图;(b) Ni-MOFs@Pt的TEM图;(c) 0.5 M H2SO4电解液中Ni-MOFs@Pt (20 wt% Pt)、Ni-MOFs-Pt、Ni-MOFs纳米片、Pt NPs和商用10% Pt/C的极化曲线;(d) 在1 M KOH中的极化曲线[22];(e) 用于HER的负载在泡沫Ni上的Ru@Ni-MOFs纳米片的形成示意图;(f) Ru@Ni-MOFs的SEM图;(g) 0.5 M H2SO4电解液中Ru@Ni-MOFs、Ru/Ni-MOFs、Ni-MOFs和商用Pt/C (20% Pt)的极化曲线;(h) 在1 M KOH中的极化曲线[23]--4. 用于析氧反应(OER)的MOFs基电催化剂4.1. 单金属MOFs
Lee
[24]
及其同事利用原位UV-Vis和拉曼光谱对析氧反应操作条件下Co活性位点的转化进行了深入研究,随着外加电压的增加,ZIF-67的四配体骨架逐渐被解构:四配体框架逐渐被电解液OH⁻取代,转化为四配体α-Co(OH)2和八配体β-Co(OH)2,然后进一步氧化成高价态CoOOH,CoOOH是MOF中真正的OER活性中心,而不是原来的金属节点。此外,还利用原位FT-IR和原位X射线吸收光谱对反应过程的产物进行了实时监测。Tang
[25]
等人使用原位X射线吸收光谱(XAS)来研究电催化剂的结构转变Ni0.5Co0.5-MOF-74在OER过程中。Yuan
[26]
等人利用原位FT-IR光谱探测氮、硼双掺杂碳材料(N, B-PC)的NRR过程,遵循Associate机制。
4.2. 双金属MOFsFigure 5. (a) Crystal structure of NiCo-UMOFNs; (b) TEM image of NiCo-UMOFNs (The inset shows the Tyndall light scattering of NiCo-UMOFNs in an aqueous solution); (c) HAADF-STEM image of the (200) plane for NiCo-UMOFNs showing the hexagonal arrangement of the metal atoms. The pink colour represents metal atoms, blue is for light elements (carbon and oxygen), and green is for background; (d) TEM-EDS mapping images of NiCo-UMOFNs; (e) AFM image of as-prepared NiCo-UMOFNs, showing measured dimensions of individual flakes; (f) Polarization curves of NiCo-UMOFNs, Ni-UMOFNs, Co-UMOFNs, RuO2 and bulk NiCo-MOFs in O2-saturated 1 M KOH solution. The dotted horizontal line is a guide to the eye showing a current density of 10 mA·cm−2; and (g) Tafel plots [27]--图5. (a) NiCo-UMOFNs的晶体结构;(b) NiCo-UMOFNs的TEM照片(插图显示了NiCo-UMOFN在水溶液中的Tyndall光散射);(c) NiCo-UMOFNs的(200)平面的HAADF-STEM图像,显示了金属原子的六边形排列。粉红色代表金属原子,蓝色代表轻元素(C和O),绿色代表背景图;(d) NiCo-UMOFNs的TEM-EDS映射图像;(e) 制备的NiCo-UMOFNs的AFM图像,显示单个薄片的测量尺寸;(f) NiCo-UMOFNs、Ni-UMOFNs、Co-UMOFNs、RuO2和块状NiCo-MOFs在O2饱和1 M KOH溶液中的极化曲线,水平虚线对应电流密度为10 mA·cm−2;(g) Tafel曲线[27]--
Figure 8. (a) Preparation schematic of CoFe-PBA NS@NF; (b) Chronoamperometry measurement of the overall water splitting at 100 mA cm−2. Inset figure: digital photos of overall water splitting configuration driven by a single-cell AAA battery with a nominal voltage of 1.5 V in 1.0 M KOH; (c) LSV curves of OER; (d) LSV curves of HER; and (e) current density-time curves of CoFe-PBA NS@NF-24 during OER and HER processes [32]--图8. (a) CoFe-PBA NS@NF制备示意图;(b) 在100 mA cm−2处全水解的计时电流测量(插图:在1.0 M KOH中由标准电压为1.5 V的单节AAA电池驱动的全水解装置的数码照片);(c) OER的LSV曲线;(d) HER的LSV曲线;和(e) CoFe-PBA NS@NF-24在OER和HER过程中的电流密度–时间曲线[32]--